One of the most immediate and noticeable effects of smoking on dental health is tooth staining and discoloration. The nicotine and tar present in tobacco products cling to the tooth enamel, leading to ...

Numerous factors shape how a person’s immune system reacts to infections and other challenges. Age, sex and genetics are fundamental contributors—as the COVID pandemic highlighted. Now a new study ...

Let’s check what we’ve heard and what we think we know against the science.

Current smokers faced up to 12-fold higher risk for age-related macular degeneration, a threefold higher risk for primary open-angle glaucoma, and a fourfold higher risk for cataracts. The risk for ...

Men who have smoked or currently smoke are significantly more likely to develop androgenetic alopecia (AGA) than men who have never smoked, according to a new study. In addition, the odds of ...

Researchers are still investigating the link between smoking and hypothyroidism. Although smoking does appear to affect the thyroid, its exact nature remains controversial. Experts believe smoking can ...